Bibliographic  Series 


No.  7 


VITREOUS     ENAMELING    OF 
IRON   AND   STEEL 


ARTHUR  D.  LITTLE,  Inc 

CHEMISTS  AND  ENGINEERS 


CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 


Reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society. 


READING   LIST 
ON 

VITREOUS  ENAMELING  OF 
IRON  AND  STEEL 


Compiled  by 
CLARENCE  JAY  WEST 

Information  Department 
ARTHUR  D.  LITTXB,  INC. 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


CAMBRIDGE,   MASS. 

1921 


COPYRIGHT,  1921 

ARTHUR  D.  Liras,  INC. 


PRB9S   OP   THB   83CHBNBACH    PRINTING   CO. 
9 ASTON,  PA. 


A  READING  LIST  ON  VITREOUS  ENAMELING  ON  IRON 

AND  STEEL 

The  literature  of  the  ceramic  industry  is  very  well  covered 
up  to  the  year  1906  by  the  Bibliography  of  Clays  and  th>e  Cefamic 
Arts  compiled  by  John  C.  Branner.  The  following,  reading  .list, 
therefore,  begins  with  the  year  1907.  The  articles-  listed  deat 
more  with  the  chemical  principles  involved  than  with  mechanical 
methods.  References  are  given  to  the  abstracts  printed  in  Chem- 
ical Abstracts  or  in  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Indus- 
try. These  abstracts  are  reproduced  in  part  below,  though 
where  the  abstract  is  long,  or  where  the  title  indicates  the  scope 
of  the  article,  abstracts  are  usually  omitted.  Reference  to 
abstracts  will  enable  the  investigator  to  eliminate  many  articles  as 
being  unsuitable  for  his  particular  purpose.  United  States 
patents  on  enameling  are  omitted,  as  they  are  given  in  the 
second  part  of  this  pamphlet.  Directions  for  ordering  foreign 
patents  may  be  found  in  Chemical  Abstracts,  vol.  13,  no.  6  (March 
20,  1919). 

BOOKS 

Bollenbach,    H.     Keramische   Rechentaflen   zum    Gebrauch   in   den   Lab- 

oratorien  der  Ton-,  Glas-,  und  Email  Industrie.     Halle:  W.  Knapp.     105 

pages. 
Brown,  W.  N.    Art  of  enameling  on  metal.    2nd  Edition.     1914.     London: 

Scott,  Greenwood  and  Son.     58  pages. 
Chapin,  H.  M.     How  to  enamel.     1911.     Wiley. 
Day,  L.  F.     Enameling.     1908.     Scribner. 
Emailleindustrie.     Dresden,     iv,  255  pages. 
Eyer,  Ph.     Anlagen  und  Einrichtungen  e.  Emaillkwerke.     Berlin:  Keram 

Rundschau.     44  pages. 
Eyer,  Ph.     Emaille-Wissenschaft:  In  gemeinverstandl  Auslegung.     Dresden: 

Verlag  "Die  Glasshutte."    224  pages. 
Fisher,  A.    Art  of  enameling  upon  metals.     1906.     Lane.    38  pages,  26 

plates. 


646228 


4  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Franchet,  L.     La  fabrication  industrielle  des  emaux  et  couleurs  ceramiques. 

1911. 

Grampp,  O.     Practical  enameler.     1909.    William. 
Griffin,  H.  R.     Clay  glazes  and  enamels,  with  a  supplement  on  crazing,  its 

causes  and  prevention,     1913.     Randall  and  Co. 
Griinwald,  J.     La  technique  de  I'emaillerie  moderne.     Paris:  H.  Dunod  et 

Pinat. 
Griinwald,  J.     The  raw  materials  for  the  enamel  industry  and  their  technical 

technology.     Translated  from  the  German  by  H.  H.  Hodgson.     1914. 

London:  C.  Griffin  and  Co.     viii,  225  pages. 

Griinwald,  «T. «  The  technology  of  iron  enameling  and  tinning.    1912.    London: 
«  V  ?.;£frtfni  and  Co.     138  pages. 

,•  .•«    Sff&PF9^,  Y.  c«The  theory  and  practice  of  enameling  on  iron  and  steel  with 
;  V;  {B.C  «: Historical  ncjptes  on  the  use  of  enamels.     Translated  by  H.  H.  Hodgson. 

'  itffO/  l£on<lon:  C,  Griffin  and  Co.     vii,  131  pages. 
Havas,  B.      Uber  Eisenblechemaille.      1910.      (Dissertation  of  the  Tech. 

Hochschule  zu  Karlsruhe.) 

Landrum,  R.  D.  Enamels.  1918.  Cleveland:  Harshaw  Fuller  and  Good- 
win Co.  106  pages. 

Millenet,  L.     Manuel  pratique  de  I'emaillage  sur  metaux.     1917. 
Maryon,  H.    Metal  work  and  enameling.     1913.     London:  Chapman  and 

Hall.     342  pages. 
Shaw,  J.  B.    Enamels  for  sheet  iron  and  steel. .   1920.    Washington:  United 

States  Bureau  of  Standards.     Technologic  Paper  165.    88  pages.. 
Staley,   Homer  F.     Materials  and  methods  used  in  the  manufacture  of 

enameled  cast-iron  wares.     1919.     Washington:  United  States  Bureau  of 

Standards.     Technologic  Paper  142.     158  pages. 
Turner,  William.     Transfer  printing  on  enamels,  porcelain  and  pottery. 

ARTICLES  IN  PERIODICALS 
1907 

Chem.  Fabrik  Giistrow,  Hillringshaus,  and  Heilmann.  Manufacture  of  a 
white  translucent  enamel.  German  Patent  207,001.  Aug.  6,  1907. 
C.  A.,  3,  2044.  A  small  amount  of  cobalt  oxide  is  added  to  the  enamel 
material  containing  titanic  acid  with  the  view  of  covering  the  yellowish 
tint  of  the  titanic  flux. 

Chem.  Fabrik  Giistrow.  White  clouded  enamels.  English  Patent  12,583, 
May  30,  1907.  C.  A.,  3,  587;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  810.  Artificially 
produced  titanates  of  alkaline  earth  or  earth  metals  are  used. 

Klissner,  J.  Kiln  for  enameled  articles,  in  which  these  do  not  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  flame.  German  Patent  203,296.  Apr.  10,  1907.  /.  Soc. 
Chem.  Ind.,  27,  1204. 

Rickmann  and  Rappe.  Manufacture  of  an  opaque  enamel.  German 
Patent  203,773,  June  30,  1907.  C.  A.,  3,  699;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28, 
92.  Cerium  carbonate  is  ground  with  the  previously  melted  enamel 
and  burned  on  the  metal  plate. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  5 

Riddle,  F.  H.  The  type  of  enamel  used  for  enameling  cast  iron  sanitary  ware. 
Trans,  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.t  9,  645-61  (1907);  C.  A.,  2,  1483;  /.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.,  27,  565.  The  most  favorable  composition  was  found  to  be:  0.4 
PbO  and  BaO,  0.15  K2O,  0.15  CaO,  0.05  ZnO,  0.25  Na2O,  0.15  AlaO,, 
1.0  SiO2,  0.2  B2O3,  0.2  SnO2. 

Spitz,  G.  Process  of  detaching  enamel  from  enameled  objects.  French 
Patent  370,986,  Oct.  31,  1906.  English  Patent  5,273,  Mar.  5,  1907. 
C.  A.,  2,  204;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  26,  257.  A  solution  of  caustic  soda  or 
oxalic  acid  at  100°  C.  is  used,  either  with  or  without  a  quantity  of  oxi- 
dizing medium. 

1908 

Act.-Ges.  der  Emailliewerke  und  Metallwaarenfabriken  "Austria."  Pro- 
cess for  producing  a  metallic  luster  on  enameled  metallic  surfaces. 
French  Patent  388,761,  Apr.  1,  1908.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  982. 

Bock,  B.  Importance  of  fluorine  in  enamels.  Chem.-Ztg.,  32,  730-2  (1908); 
C.  A.,  2,  2718;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  900.  Fluorine  lowers  the  melting 
point  of  the  enamels  decidedly  but  has  no  influence  on  the  opacity  of  the 
resulting  enamel. 

Bock,  B.  Note  on  white  antimony  enamels.  Chem.-Ztg.,  32,  446-7  (1908); 
C.  A.,  2,  2132;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  566.  Dangers  are  pointed  out, 
owing  to  the  ready  solubility  and  the  poisonous  character  of  the  com- 
pounds of  antimony.  Slow  cooling  of  frits  in  place  of  the  rapid  quench- 
ing is  advised. 

Bonzel,  C.  and  P.  Continuous  furnace  for  burning  enameled  ware  out  of 
contact  with  flames.  French  Patent  392,285,  July  13,  1908.  /.  Soc. 
Chem.  Ind.,  27,  1204. 

Enameling  of  sheet  iron  hollow  ware.  Keram.  Rundschau,  16,  89-91,  135-9 
(1908) ;  C.  A.,  2,  1605.  Various  formulas  are  given  in  which  zirconium  is 
replacing  tin. 

Eyer,  P.  Advances  in  the  preparation  of  enamel  glazes  (for  iron).  Chem.- 
Ztg.,  32,  516-7  (1908);  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  628. 

Eyer,  P.  Tin  oxide  substitute.  Stahl  u.  Risen,  28,  1097-9  (1908);  C.  A.,  a, 
3135.  Tests  of  cryolite,  which  may  replace  about  12  per  cent  of  tin, 
antimony,  and  arsenic  oxides,  bone  ash,  titanic  acid  and  zirconium  oxide. 

Franchet,  Louis.  The  enamels  and  ceramic  colors  of  the  Middle  Ages  and  the 
Renaissance.  La  Ceramique,  10, 142;  C.  A .,  2, 2609.  Various  compositions 
are  given. 

Home  office  regulations  for  vitreous  enameling  metal  or  glass.  Statutory 
Rules  and  Orders,  1908,  No.  1258,  Dec.  18,  1908.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
28,  91. 

Landau  et  Cie.,  and  Rosenzweig,  C.  White  enamel  of  great  covering  power. 
French  Patent  389,483,  Apr.  22,  1908.  C.  A .,  4,  2720;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
27,  983;  La  Ceramique,  n,  100-1;  C.  A.,  3,  364.  Silicates  of  zirconium 
and  beryllium  are  used  in  place  of  tin,  etc.  They  are  more  refractory, 
more  resistant  to  acids  and  are  cheaper. 


6  VITREOUS  ENAMEUNG 

Recovery  and  utilization  of  enamel  wastes.  Rev.  chim.  ind.,  19,  160;  C.  A., 
2,  2718. 

Staley,  H.  F.  The  compounding  of  frits.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  10, 
113-23  (1908);  C.  A.,  2,  3392. 

Vollkommer,  Joseph.  Furnaces  for  the  enameling  industry.  Iron  Age,  82, 
648-9  (1908);  C.  A.,  2,  2981. 

Vondracek,  R.  Enameling  of  iron.  Sprechsaal,  41,  475-7,  493-5,  507-8 
(1908);  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  27,  1020. 

Woog,  P.,  and  Delage,  M.  Process  of  enameling  in  one  stage.  French 
Patent  401,543,  July  29,  1908.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28,  1130.  An  acetyl- 
ene flame  is  directed  onto  the  spot  where  the  enamel  is  required  and  the 
finely  ground  enamel  is  also  projected  on  the  same  spot. 

1909 

Bock,  B.  Fixation  materials  in  enamel  making.  Chem.-Ztg.,  33,  109  (1909) ; 
C.  A.t  3,  1450.  Fixation  materials  are  those  substances  which  have  the 
effect  of  holding  the  fine  enamel  glass  particles  in  suspension,  thus  pre- 
venting their  settling  to  the  bottom  of  the  mass  after  fusion.  These 
include  clay;  insoluble  magnesium  salts;  soluble,  neutral  salts,  such  as 
ammonium  chloride  (volatile),  alkali  carbonates  and  sulfates  (partly 
volatile),  and  borax  (non- volatile). 

Colin,  G.,  et  Cie.  Process  of  enameling  cast  iron  articles  and  especially 
pots  and  cooking  utensils.  French  Patent  411,630,  Apr.  14,  1909. 
J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  951.  The  interior  of  the  pots  is  polished  and  then 
oxidized  into  a  layer  of  magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  to  which  the  enamel  is 
applied  by  the  wet  process  and  as  liquid  as  possible. 

Enequist,  Erik.  The  chemistry  of  opaque  glass  and  enamel.  Chem.  Eng.t 
10,54;  C.  A.,  3,2865. 

Fletcher,  D.  Enameling  muffles.  English  Patent  25,692,  Nov.  8,  1909. 
J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1383. 

Frink,  R.  L.  The  chemistry  of  opaque  glass  and  enamel.  Chem.  Eng.,  10, 
128-9  (1909).  A  criticism  of  the  work  of  Enequist. 

Grunwald,  Julius.  Annealing  and  pickling  of  the  finished  iron  articles 
before  enameling.  Stahl  u.  Eisen,  29,  137-40  (1909);  C.  A.,  3,  878; 
/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28,  204. 

Grunwald,  Julius.  Cast  iron  enamels.  Stahl  u.  Eisen,  1909,  137;  Sprechsaal, 
43,  485-7  (1910);  C.  A.,  5,  168. 

Grunwald,  Julius.  Enameling  and  the  function  of  clay  in  the  enamel. 
Sprechsaal,  42,  287-9  (1909);  C.  A.,  3,  1674;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28, 
600.  A  general  discussion. 

Grunwald,  Julius.  Note  on  the  technology  of  the  enameling  industry. 
Oesterr.  Chem.  Ztg.,  1 1, 271 ;  C.  A .,  3,  2364.  The  density  of  certain  enamels 
is  given,  with  and  without  water.  Certain  analytical  methods  are  also 
given. 

Hartmann,  A.  Zircon  enamel.  Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  1909,  178-227;  Keram. 
Rundschau,  19,  118-28  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  1981. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  7 

LesmuUer,  A.  Process  for  making  glass  and  enamels  opaque.  German 
Patent  218,316,  April  1,  1909.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  420.  Oxides  of 
tin,  silicon,  lead,  titanium,  zirconium  or  thallium  are  fused  with  boric 
acid  derivatives  and  the  fused  mass  exposed  to  the  action  of  steam  or 
acid  vapors  while  it  cools  and  the  solid  product  subsequently  melted  with 
the  enamel. 

Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.  Expansion  coefficient  of  sheet  iron  enamels. 
Chem^-Ztg.,  33,  1314;  C.  A.,  4,  1092. 

Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.  The  coefficient  of  thermal  expansion  of  sheet 
iron  enamels.  Sprechsaal,  42,  497-9  (1909);  C.  A.,  3,  2494;  /.  Soc. 
Chem.  Ind.,  28,  1199.  Six  different  enamels  were  studied. 

Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.  The  function  of  fluorine  compounds  in  enamels. 
Sprechsaal,  42,  460-1  (1909);  Chem.-Ztg.,  33,  758  (1909);  C.  A.,  3,  2740, 
3001;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28,  835.  Fluorine  is  a  good  opacifier  and  per- 
mits the  tin  oxide  to  be  decreased  to  3  per  cent  and  still  maintain  excellent 
covering  power. 

Orton,  Edward,  Jr.  Notes  on  the  testing  of  enameled  sheet  steel  wares. 
Trans.  Amer.  Cerant.  Soc.,  u,  320-41  (1909);  C.  A.,  3,  2741;  /.  Soc. 
Chem.  Ind.,  28,  1130. 

Shaw,  Joseph  B.  The  allowable  limit  of  variation  in  the  ingredients  of 
enamels  for  sheet  steel.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  u,  103-52  (1909); 
C.  A.,  3,  2740;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28,  1130.  A  discussion  of  the  manu- 
facture of  sheet  steel  enameled  ware,  followed  by  an  investigation  of 
fitting  ground  and  top  coats  to  a  particular  Bessemer  steel.  It  is  replete 
with  details  and  explanations. 

1910 

de  Back,  A.  Method  and  apparatus  for  recovering  iron  and  steel  from  waste 
enameled  articles.  English  Patent  3375,  Feb.  11,  1910.  /.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.t  29, 1390.  The  articles  are  first  pressed  together  to  crack  the  enamel 
and  the  enamel  then  scraped  off. 

Cavanaugh,  J.  A.  Large  electric  enameling  oven.  Elec.  World,  56,  685-6; 
C.^.,5,29. 

Cheney,  Merritt  B.  The  limits  of  composition  of  enamels  for  cast  iron. 
Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  12,  543-7  (1910);  C.  A.,  5,  362. 

Goldschmidt,  Th.  Removing  enamel  and  recovering  the  iron.  German 
Patent  242,055,  April  2,  1910.  French  Patent  418,971,  Aug.  1,  1910. 
C.  A.,  6,  2157;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  92. 

Grunwald,  J.  Cast  iron  enamels.  Stahl  u.-Eisen,  30,  1201-6  (1910);  /.  Soc. 
Chem.  Ind.,  29,  951. 

Grunwald,  J.  The  stiffening  of  wet  ground  enamels.  Sprechsaal,  43,  594-7 
(1910);  C.  A.,  5,  168;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1251.  The  reagents  recom- 
mended are  ammonium  chloride  or  carbonate,  magnesium  oxide  and 
borax. 

Hillringhaus  and  Heilemann.  Zirconium  oxide  as  a  clouding  agent  in  enamels 
and  glasses.  Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  66,  436;  C.  A.,  5,  167. 


8  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Holcrof£,  Harold.  The  principles  of  vitreous  enameling  of  cast  iron  for  in- 
dustrial purposes.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  121-5  (1910);  C.  A.,  4,  1227. 
Four  methods  are  discussed. 

Landau  et  Cie,  and  Rosenzweig.  White  enamel.  French  Patent  417,078, 
June  13,  1910.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1383.  A  substitute  for  tin  oxide 
is  prepared  by  heating  zirconium  and  calcium  nitrates  in  the  propor- 
tions necessary  to  give  70  per  cent  zirconium  and  30  per  cent  calcium. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamels.  German  Patent  274,860, 
June  11,  1910.  C.  A.,  8,  3107.  Discusses  the  use  of  zirconium  com- 
pounds. 

Landrum,  R.  D.  The  manufacture  of  enameled  ware.  Trans.  Kansas 
Acad.  Sci.,  22,  76-80;  C.  A.,  4,  1532.  A  brief  but  interesting  description. 

Landrum,  Robert  D.  Methods  of  analysis  for  enamels  and  enamel  raw 
materials.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  12,  144-74  (1910);  Glasind.,  26, 
27,  28;  C.  A.,  4,  258;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1310. 

Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.  The  function  of  the  ground  enamel.  Sprechsaal, 
43, 727-9  (1910);  C.  A.,  5, 1981. 

Muffle  kilns  for  iron  enameling  and  other  industrial  purposes.  Stahl  «. 
Eisen,  1910,  No.  36;  Keram.  Rundschau,  18,  495-7,  507-9,  520-3  (1910); 
C.  A.,  5,  580. 

Shaw,  J.  B.  Testing  sheet  steel  enamels.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  12, 
463-93  (1910);  C.  A.,  5,  168;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1310. 

Sonntag,  S.,  and  A.  Enameled  metal  ware.  German  Patent  239,252, 
Aug.  13,  1910.  French  Patent  419,  433,  Aug.  17,  1910.  English  Patent 
19,233,  Aug.  16,  1910.  C.  A.,  6,  2155;  /.  $oc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  1383. 
The  cleaned  surface  is  wetted  with  water  to  which  a  glutinous  substance 
has  been  added  and  the  enamel  powder  sifted  on. 

Tafner,  H.  Fluorite  and  its  function  in  enamels.  Sprechsaal,  43,  36-7 
(1910);  C.  A.,  5,  773;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  213.  Enamels  containing 
calcium  fluoride  do  not  represent  stable  compounds  as  fluorine  con- 
tinues to  be  given  off  on  heating. 

Underbill,  D.  Enameled  cast  iron  sanitary  ware.  Foundry,  36,  17;  C.  A., 
4,  2668.  A  good  general  survey  of  the  entire  field. 

Weiss,  Ludwig.  Zirconium  oxide  as  a  clouding  agent  in  enamels  and  glasses. 
Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  67,  456;  C.  A.,  5, 168. 

1911 

Coethen.     The  training  of  engineers  for  enamel  works  at  Friedrich-Poly- 

technicum.     Glashutte,  41,  309-10;  C.  A.,  5,  2711. 
Colin,  L.  V.     Enameling.     English  Patent  17,270,  July  28,  1911.     C.  A., 

7,  407. 
Cox,  John  H.     Comparison  of  commercial  ground  coats  for  cast  iron  enamels. 

Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  13,  531-49  (1911);  C.  A.,  5, 3892;  /.  Soc.  Chem. 

Ind.,  30,  1386. 
Deutsche  Stahhottich  Ges.     Subsequent  enameling  of  rough  places  and  weld- 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  9 

ing  of  enameled  articles.     German  Patent  251,059,  Sept.  5,  1911.     C.  A., 

7,  235. 
Eyer,  Ph.     How  much  of  the  heat  applied  to  enamel  firing  and  melting  ovens 

is  useful?     Glashutte,  41,  931-2;  C.  A.,  6,  415. 
Franchet,  L.     Preparation  of  Grecian  black  enamel  with  natural  ferroso 

ferric  oxide.     Compt.  rend.,  152,  1097-1100  (1911);  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 

30,  622. 
Green  enamels     for  galvanized  iron.     Glashutte,  41,  604-6,  649-51  (1911)  ; 

C.A.,  5,  3503. 
Grunwald,  J.     The  chemical  technology  of  enamel  raw  material.     Glashutte, 

40,  41,  42.     In  42  installments.     See  under  Books,  also. 
Grunwald,  J.     The  use  of  zirconia  in  the  enameled  iron  industry.     Sprechsaal, 

44, 72-3  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  2163;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  210. 

Doubt  is  expressed  as  regards  the  efficiency  of  zirconium  oxide  as  an 

opacifier. 
Havas,  B.     The  function  of  the  ground  enamel.     Sprechsaal,  44,  72-3  (1911); 

C.A.,  5,2163. 
Landau  et  Cie,  and  Rosenzweig,  C.     White  enamels.     English  Patent  10,418, 

Apr.  29,  1911.     French  Patent  429,665,  May  12,  1911.     C.  A.,  6,  2986; 

/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30, 1213;  La  Ceramique,  14,  204.     A  part  of  the  silicate 

of  either  the  natural  or  artificial  silicate  of  zirconium  is  removed  by  warm- 
ing with  alkali  carbonate  or  hydroxide,  which  product  is  very  suitable  for 

rendering  enamels  opaque. 
Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.     White  enamels.     German  Patent  283,504. 

June  23,  1911.     C.  A.,  9,  2579.     Addition  to  German  Patent  274,860. 
Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.     White  enamel  with  metal  hydroxides  as 

clouding  agents.     German  Patent  289,102.  Oct.  3,  1911. 
Landrum,  R.  D.     Resistance  of  sheet  enamels  to  solution  by  acetic  acids  of 

various   strengths.     Trans.   Amer.    Ceram.    Soc.,    13,   494-501    (1911); 

C.  A.,  5,  3886;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  1386. 
Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.     The  coefficient  of  expansion  of  enamels  and  their 

chemical  composition.     Sprechsaal,  44,  188-91,  207-10,  220-2  (1911); 

C.  A.,  5,  2163;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  543. 
Mayer,  M.,  and  Havas,  B.     Reactions  during  the  fusion  of  iron  enamels 

(containing  fluorine).     Sprechsaal,  44,  6-8  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  2163;  /. 

Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  930. 
Meyer,  A.     Enameling  or  glazing  plates  of  iron,  steel,  etc.     German  Patent 

266,161,  July  9,  1911.     C.  A.,  8,  809. 
Meyer,  A.     Enameled  or  glazed  plates  of  iron  or  steel.     German  Patent 

272,355,  July  9,  1911.     C.  A.,  8,  2612. 
Minneman,  Johannes.     An  investigation  on  art  enameling  on  metals.     Trans. 

Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  13,  514-30  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  3890;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 

30,  1386. 
Olsberger  and  Altenbekener  Eisenhiittenwerke  C.  Kropff .     Enameled  cooking 

utensils.     German  Patent  244,389,  Mar.  2,  1911.     C.  A.,  6,  2304. 


10  VITREOUS  ENAMEUNG 

Rickmann,  R.  White  pigments  for  enamels,  etc.  German  Patent  283,204, 
Dec.  5,  1911.  C.  A.,  9,  2444.  Substances  containing  antimony  are  used. 

Roenelt,  T.  J.  Process  of  enamel  stripping  by  heating  with  alkaline  com- 
pounds. French  Patent  434,301,  Sept.  16,  1911.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
31,  336.  Potassium  cyanide  is  used,  sprinkled  on  the  enamel  heated  to 
just  redness.  The  enamel  may  be  lifted  off  after  half  a  minute. 

Schott,  E.  A.  Muffle  oven  for  enamel  works  and  other  industrial  purposes. 
Stahl  u.  Risen,  31,  310  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  2315. 

Staley,  H.  F.  The  cause  and  control  of  the  mottling  of  enamels  on  metals. 
Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  13,  489-93  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  3890. 

Tostmann,  C.  The  function  of  the  ground  enamel.  Keram.  Rundschau,  19, 
5-6  (191 1) ;  C.  A .,  5, 1670.  The  claim  is  reasserted  that  in  ground  enamels 
on  cast  iron  the  cobalt  oxide  is  reduced  to  cobalt. 

Various  processes  for  decorating  enameled  ware.  Glashutte,  41,  811-3,  839- 
40,  864-6;  C.  A.,  6,  142. 

Vondracek,  R.  The  function  of  the  ground  enamel.  Sprechsaal,  44,  115; 
C.A.,  5,2163. 

Vondracek,  R.  The  enamel  industry.  Sprechsaal,  44,  264-7  (1911);  C.  A., 
5,  3503.  A  general  review  of  the  industry  for  1910. 

Waldes  and  Co.  Enameling  tools,  etc.  German  Patent  242,850,  Jan.  29, 
1911.  C.A.,  6,  2157. 

Zahn,  O.  Enameling  muffles.  Keram.  Rundschau,  19,  30-2  (1911);  Stahl.  u 
Eisen,  31,  308-10  (1911);  C.  A.,  5,  1671.  A  criticism  of  previous  work 
on  enamels. 

1912 

Akt.  Ges.   Porzellanfabr,  Weiden  Gebr.  Bauscher.     Method  of  enameling 

vessels.     French  Patent  451,332,  Dec.  4,  1912.     C.  A.,  7,  3210. 
Brown,  R.  E.     Replacement  of  tin  oxide  by  antimony  oxide  in  enamels 

for  cast  iron.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  14,  740-55  (1912);  C.  A.,  7, 

232;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  1129.     A  different  type  of  enamel  is  required 

if  antimony  is  used. 
Dupont,  P.     Enameling  bath  tubs.     German  Patent  269,524,  Sept.  26,  1912 

C.  A.,  8,  2469.     Heating  of  the  tub  is  effected  by  electric  means. 
Enameling  on  metal.     Keram.  Rundschau,  20,  79;  C.  A.,  6,  3504. 
Eyer,    Ph.     Natural   history   of  enamel   defects.     Keram.   Rundschau,   20, 

233-5,  243-5,  252-5.     C.  A.,  6,  3505. 
Goldschmidt,  Th.     Frits  useful  in  the  manufacture  of  enamels  or  glasses, 

French  Patent  439,609,  Feb.  1,  1912.     La  Ceramique,  16,  12;  C.  A.,  7, 

1959;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  723. 
Haschek,     K.     Decorating    enameled    metal     products.     German     Patent 

275,560,  Dec.  28,  1912.     C.  A.,  9,  852. 
Heilmann,   E.     Opaquing   substances   for  white  enamels.     English  Patent 

26,498,  Nov.  18,  1912.     C.  A.,  8,  1652;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  259. 

Mixtures  of  magnesium  oxide  and  aluminium  oxide  or  of  aluminium  oxide 

and  zinc  oxide,  calcined  to  form  a  spinel. 


VITRKOUS  ENAMELING  11 

Kralapp,  E.  Furnaces  for  the  preparation  of  fritted  enamels.  Keram. 
Rundschau,  20,  261-3;  C.  A.,  6,  3505. 

Kretzer,  H.  Process  for  the  manufacture  of  clouded  glasses,  enamels,  and 
similar  products  and  of  clouding  agents  allowing  the  carrying  out  of 
this  process.  French  Patent  444,440,  May  30,  1912.  English  Patent 
12,749,  May  30,  1912.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  1129. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Clouding  agent  for  white  enamel.  English 
Patent  11,754,  May  17,  1912.  C.  A.,  7,  3649. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Alkali  containing  clouding  agent  for  white 
enamels.  German  Patent  283,792,  Aug.  24,  1912.  C.  A.,  10,  262. 
Metal  compounds,  other  than  those  of  tin,  are  used. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Clouding  agents  for  white  enamels.  English 
Patent  16,787,  July  18,  1912.  C.  A.,  8,  410.  Zircon  is  partially  dis- 
integrated by  heating  with  sodium  hydroxide  or  carbonate  and  the 
soluble  silicates  and  surplus  alkali  removed  with  water.  The  combined 
alkali  is  partly  removed  by  treating  the  mass  with  ammonium  or  metallic 
salts  and  the  product  then  heated  until  the  water  of  hydration  is  removed. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Clouding  white  enamels.  English  Patent 
19,849,  Aug.  30,  1912.  C.  A.,  8,  562. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Iron  enamels.  German  Patent  282,348, 
Aug.  10,  1912.  C.  A.,  9,  2301.  Method  of  directly  enameling  iron  in 
white. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Manufacture  of  white  enamels.  French 
Patent  429,665.  First  addition.  June  6,  1912.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31, 
1181.  See  English  Patent  6,787. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Opaquing  agents  for  white  enamels.  English 
Patent  1,136,  Jan,  15, 1912.  C.  A .,  7, 2460. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamels.  Swiss  Patent  62,594, 
July  8,  1912.  C.  A .,  8,  2236.  Alkali  containing  hydroxides  of  the  known 
metal  compounds,  used  heretofore  as  obscuring  agents,  are  here  employed 
for  that  purpose. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamels.  English  Patent  29,382, 
Dec.  20,  1912.  C.  A.,  8,  2046.  The  amount  of  water  of  hydration  con- 
tained in  the  hydrated  oxide  used  as  the  opaquing  agent  is  varied  in  in- 
verse proportion  to  the  per  cent  of  alkali  used. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamel.  French  Patent  438,908, 
Jan.  11,  1912.  First  addition,  Jan.  18,  1912.  French  Patent  450,228, 
Sept.  7,  1912.  English  Patent  29,382,  Dec.  20,  1912.  C.  A.,  7,  3210; 

/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  643;  32,  489,  753.  Compare  the  above  patents  by  the 
same  firm. 

Landnim,  R.  D.  A  comparison  of  ten  white  enamels  for  sheet  steel.  Trans. 
Amer.  Ceram.  Soc ,  14,  489-509  (1912)  C.  A.,  7,  230;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
31,  1129. 

Landrum,  R.  D.  Enamels  for  sheet  steel.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  4,  561-4 
(1912);  Chem.  Eng.,  16,  141-3  (1912). 


12  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Landrum,  R.  D.     The  necessity  of  cobalt  oxide  in  ground  coat  enamels  for 

sheet  steel.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  14,  756-67;  C.  A.,  7,  232. 
Rickmann,  R.     Testing  of  enamels  containing  antimpny.     Z.  angew.  Chem., 

25,  1518-19  (1912);  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  775.     The  sample  is  boiled 

for  half  an  hour  with  4  per  cent  acetic  acid  or  2  per  cent  tartaric  acid. 

The  antimony  in  solution  is  titrated  with  permanganate.     The  meta- 

antimonates  are  not  attacked  by  this  treatment. 
Rickmann,  R.     Coloring  agents  for  white  glasses,  glazes  and  enamels.    English 

Patent  27,954,  Dec.  4,  1912. 
Rickmann,  R.     The  use  of  antimony  compounds  for  the  production  of  white 

enamel.     Sprechsaal,  45,  115-7  (1912);  La  Ceramique,  15,  134;  C.  A.,  6, 

1348,  2679;  /.  Soc.   Chem.  Ind.,  31,  231.     Antimony  oxide  should  be 

avoided,  but  the  antimonates  are  not  injurious  to  health. 
Rickmann,  R.     White  covering  for  enamels.     French  Patent  451,238,  Dec.  2, 

1912.     English  Patent  27,954,  Dec.  4,  1912.     C.  A.,  7,  3210;  /.  Soc. 

Chem.  Ind.,  32,  604.     Antimony  is  heated  to  redness  with  saltpeter  and 

an  alkaline  hydroxide. 
Schuler,  A.  J.     Process  for  dulling  enamels.     English  Patent  28,679,  Dec.  12, 

1912.     /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  81. 
Shaw,  J.  B.,  and  Shaw,  Lucian.     Determining  the  cost  of  enameled  sheet 

steel  cooking  utensils.     Trans.  Amer.   Ceram.  Soc.,   14,  510-5   (1912); 

C.A.,  7,230. 
Staley,  Homer  F.     The  cause  and  control  of  crazing  in  enamels  on  cast  iron. 

Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  14,  516-45;  C.  A.,  7,  230;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 

31,  1129. 
White  enamel  with  zirconium  silicate  base.     La  Ceramique,  14,  204;  C.  A., 

6,  1665.     The  natural  silicate  of  zirconium,  extracted  with  hydrochloric 

acid,  and  then  with  4  parts  of  sodium  hydroxide  at  500-600  gives  a  product 

that  is  bulky  and  superior  to  tin  oxide. 
Zahn,  O.     Burning  furnace  for  enameling.     German  Patent  263,518,  Sept. 

27,  1912.     C.A.,  8,227. 

1913 

Advantages  of  the  portable  muffle  furnace  in  glass,  porcelain  and  enamel 
works.  Diamant,  35,  485-6;  C.  A.,  7,  3003. 

de  Back,  A.  Removing  enamels  from  waste  enamel  ware.  English  Patent 
77,  Jan.  1,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  2235. 

Beige,  A.  Leadless  enamels  and  faience  with  reduced  content  of  tin  oxide. 
Sprechsaal,  46,  17-9(1913);  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  32,  142.  Instead  of  dis- 
pensing with  tin  oxide,  it  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  fritting  with  sodium 
phosphate. 

Bertrand,  M.  S.  V.  Enamels  of  sodium  borosilicate.  La  Ceramique,  16, 
113-4;  C.  A.,  7,  2841. 

Chem.  Fabrik  Giistrow,  Hillringhaus,  and  Heilmann.  Opaquing  agent  for 
white  enamels.  English  Patent  11,749,  May  20,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  3622. 
This  consists  of  titanic  acid  and  zirconium  oxide. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  13 

Davidson,  T.  R.     Cleaning  of  metal  articles  preparatory  to  the  application. 

of  a  coating  of  enamel  or  the  like.     English  Patent  16,554,  July  18,  1913 

/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  355.     Concentrated  sulfuric  acid  is  used  to  car- 
bonize the  grease,  and  the  pieces  are  then  allowed  to  stand  in  water, 

where  the  diluted  acid  further  cleans  the  articles, 
de  Haen,  E.,  Chem.  Fabrik  List  G.  m.  b.  H.     Enamel  and  glazes.     German 

Patent  289,317,  Jan.  14,  1913.     C.  A .,  10,  2792.     Zinc  sulfide  is  used  as  a 

substitute  for  the  oxide. 
Deleuil,  S.  L.     Enameling  metal  plates.     Fiench  Patent  456,959,  Apr.  22, 

1913.     C.A.,9,  137.     The  plates,  after  immersion  in  the  bath,  are  freed 

from  excess  by  rapid  turning. 
Eyer,  Ph.     The  assumed  reduction  of  antimonic  to  antimonous  compounds 

in  enamels.     GlasMtle,  43,  266,  327-8;  C.  A.,  7,  3004.     This  does  not 

take  place. 
Eyer,  Ph.     Design  and  equipment  of  an  enameling  plant.     Keram.  Rundschau, 

20,  433-5,  447-9,  538-40;  21,  24-7,  47-9;  C.  A.,  7,  2102. 
Eyer,  Ph.     The  melting  of  enamels.     ///.  Ztg.  Blechind.,  1912,  640;  C.  A.,  7, 

2459. 
Eyer,  Ph.     Quartz  and  clay  in  enameling.     Glashutle,  43,  662-3;  C.  A.,  7, 

3647   . 
Eyer,  Ph.     Scientific  enameling.     Glashutte,  42,  8-43,  No.  12  (1912-1913); 

C.  A.,  7,  3004.     An  exhaustive  treatise. 
Frissell,  N.  E.     Enameling  process  for  cast  iron  sanitary  ware.     Foundry,  41, 

220-3;  C.  A,  7,  3209. 
Goldschmidt,  Th.     Removing  enamel  and  recovering  the  iron,  etc.     French 

Patent  418,971.     First  addition,  May  5,  1913.     /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  32, 

1072. 
Havas,    B.     Manufacture    of    zirconium    oxide.     German    Patent    262,009. 

May  5,  1913.     C.  A.,  7,  3650. 

Hirsch,  W.     Furnace  for  enameling.     German  Patent  283,869,  Feb.  1,  1913. 
Honigmann,  L.     Enamel  for  sheet  metal  and  other  hard  surfaces.     French 

Patent,  465,574,  Dec.  1,  1913.     English  Patent  28,398,  Dec.  9,  1913. 

C.  A.,  8,  3495;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  355.     The  use  of  metallic  silver. 
Importance  of  powdered  coal  in  enamel  works.     GlasshiiUe,  43,   1004-6; 

C.  A.,  8,  1194.     The  relative  value  of  3  varieties  of  charcoal  and  coal  are 

discussed. 
Influence  of  sulfur  dioxide  used  as  a  disinfectant  upon  sheet  steel  enamel. 

Keram.  Rundschau,  21,  380;  C.  A.,  8,  224.     Dry  or  water-laden  sulfur 

dioxide  is  without  effect  upon  perfect  ware,  but  on  ware  exhibiting  crazing 

defects,  yellow  spots  are  formed  in  the  defective  spots  of  the  enamel. 

If  the  ware  itself  is  wet,  however,  the  sulfur  dioxide  fumes  exert  vigorous 

effect,  due  to  sulfuric  acid  formation. 
Kentonwski,  L.     A  muffle  furnace  for  enameling  large  cast  iron  kettles. 

Stahl  u.  Eisen,  32,  2179-80;  C.  A.,  7,  2102. 
Krause,  H.     Enamels.     Electrochem.  Z.,  20,  113-6,  143-5,  176-9;  C.  A.,  8, 

805.     Historical  and  descriptive  article. 


14  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Covering  masses  for  white  enamels.  French 
Patent  456,335,  Apr.  4,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  2047;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  2nd.,  32,  945. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Manufacture  of  white  enamels.  La  Ceram- 
ique,  16,  9-10;  C.  A.,  7,  1961. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  Opaquing  agents  for  white  enamels.  English 
Patent  17,998,  Aug.  17,  1913.  C.  A.,  9,  363.  Highly  basic  compounds 
or  complexes  of  aluminium,  tin,  titanium  or  zirconium,  containing  a 
small  proportion  of  the  radicals  not  refractory  to  heat. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White,  particularly  zircon,  enamels.  French 
Patent  462,587,  Sept.  16,  1913.  German  Patent  286,038,  Oct.  25,  1912. 
English  Patent  17,998,  Aug.  7,  1913.  C  A.,  8,  3106;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
33,  314,  921. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamel.  French  Patent  463,623, 
Oct.  14,  1913.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  355;  C.  A.,  8,  2788. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamel.  Austrian  Patent  4,677,009, 
June  13,  1909.  C.  A.,  7,  3209. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamel.  French  addition,  17,112  to 
Patent  438,908,  Jan.  18,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  411.  Each  hydrate  unit  gives 
its  highest  effect  with  a  certain  alkali  amount  which  must  be  ascertained 
emperically. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamels  and  opacifiers  for  white 
enamels.  La  Ceramique,  16,  238-40;  C.  A.,  8,  224.  The  opacifying 
effects  of  the  metallic  oxides  are  influenced  by  combinations  with  small 
amounts  of  phosphoric  acid.  Combining  water  of  hydration  and  alkali 
or  alkaline  earths  to  the  above  phosphate  further  favorably  influences 
the  opacifying  effect. 

Landau,  Kreidl,  Heller  and  Co.  White  enamels  of  a  zircon  base.  La  Ceram- 
ique, 16,  61-2;  C.  A.,  7,  2671;  La  Ceramique,  17,  52-3;  C.  A.,  8,  2233. 

Meyer,  A.     Enamel.     English  Patent  2,155,  Jan.  27,  1913.     C.  A.,  8,  2611. 

Meyer,  A.  Enameling.  English  Patent  2,279,  Jan.  28,  1913.  C.  A.,  8, 
2612.  Coats  of  enamel  of  increasing  fusibility  are  applied  over  the  anti- 
oxide  layer. 

Michel,  R.  Iridescent  enamel.  French  Patent,  Addition  17,326  to  455,064, 
Feb.  7,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  2046.  Glass  or  enamel  ware,  immediately  after 
production,  is  exposed  at  a  suitable  temperature  to  metal  bromide  vapors. 

Nailler,  Raymond  F.  Art  of  enameling  or  the  coating  of  iron  and  steel  with 
glass.  Am.  Soc.  Mech.  Eng.,  35,  1479-92  (1913);  Sci.  Am.  S.,  76,  338-9; 
Met.  and  Chem.  Eng.,  n,  695-8;  Iron  Trade  Rev.,  53,  678-80;  Iron  Age,  92, 
843-4  (1914);  Foundry,  42,  7-10;  Eng.  Mag.,  46,  603-5  (1914);  C.  A.,  8, 
805.  Deals  with  the  fundamentals  of  sheet  steel  and  cast  iron  enamels. 

Removing  enamels.  Glashutte,  43,  326-7;  C.  A.,  7,  3004.  The  use  of  sodium 
hydroxide  at  180°  with  12  atmospheres  pressure  is  suggested. 

Schuler,  A.  J.  Process  for  dulling  enamels.  Canadian  Patent  146,740, 
Mar.  18,  1913.  C.  A.,  7,  1792.  A  silicious  material  is  mixed  with  the 
covering  mass  and  burned  in  a  furnace  on  the  article  to  be  enameled. 


VITREOUS  ENAMEUNG  15 


Schuler,  A.  J.  Roughening  of  enamels.  La  Ceramiqut,  16,  239-40;  C.  A., 
8,  224.  Quartz,  feldspar  or  kaolin  is  mixed  with  a  cover  compound  of 
earths  or  silicates  and  salts  before  application  to  the  object. 

Shaw,  J.  B.  Process  of  making  sanitary  ware.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc., 
15,467-481;  C.  4.,  8,  807. 

Stanley,  H.  F.,  and  Fisher,  G.  P.  Leadless  enamels.  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram. 
Soc.,  15,  620-7;  C.  A  .,  8,  805;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  80.  Four  good  lead- 
free  enamels  were  produced. 

Weiss,  L.  Opaquing  agents  for  enamels.  French  Patent  459,999,  June  23, 
1913.  English  Patent  14,632,  June  24,  1913.  C.  A.,  8,  2932;  9,  136; 
/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  32,  1157.  Fluorides  or  double  fluorides  of  tin,  anti- 
mony, titanium,  zirconium  are  used.  The  effect  is  increased  by  the  pres- 
ence of  hydroxides  of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths  or  of  silicon  com- 
pounds. 

Westfalische  Stanz-  und  Emailliewerke  Akt.  Ges.  vorm.  J.  and  H.  Kerkamm. 
Enamel  glazes  on  iron.  German  Patent  289,103  Sept.  11.  1913.  C.  A., 
10,  2511  ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  35,  424.  Metal  powder  or  dust  is  added  to 
the  ordinary  enamel  glaze. 

Westfalische  Stanz-  und  Emailliewerke  Akt.  Ges.  vorm  J.  und  H.  Kerkamm. 
Enamel  glazes  on  iron.  German  Patent  290,054,  Nov.  4,  1913.  C.  A., 
io,  2792.  Water  soluble  metallic  compounds  which  decompose  at  the 
enemeling  temperature  are  used. 

Zahn,  O.  Muffle  furnace  for  enameling.  German  Patent  267,801,  Feb.  27, 
1913.  Addition  to  German  Patent  263,518. 

Zahn,  O.  Process  and  firing  oven,  more  especially  applicable  to  enameling. 
French  Patent,  460,104,  July  7,  1913.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  25. 

1914 

Baumann,  Gebr.     Apparatus  for  clouding  enamels.     German  Patent  286,037, 

Apr.  22,  1914.     C.  A.,  io,  1701. 
Berge,  A.     Enamel  glazes  free  from  lead  and  tin.     Spxechsaal,  47,  339-41; 

C.  A.,  8,  3493;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  647.     Antimony  compounds  are 

used  as  a  substitute  for  the  more  costly  tin  oxide  in  producing  opacity. 

Formulas  are  given. 
Berndt,  M  .    The  status  of  cobalt  in  ground  coat  of  sheet  steel  enamel.    Keram  . 

Rundschau,  1914,  262;  Silikat-Z.,  2,  160-1;  C.  A.,  8,  3847. 
Denmead,  W.  A.     Hints  on  experimental  enamel  making.     Trans.  Amer. 

Ceram.  Soc.,  16,  445-53;  C.  A.,  8,  3711.     Practical  guide  for  the  produc- 

tion of  enamels  maturing  at  700-1000°. 
Dichanz,    G.     Securing   enameled    metal   plates   to   each    other.     German 

Patent  286,774,  Nov.  13,  1914.     C.  A.,  io,  1587. 
Don'ts  relative  to  enameled  iron  ware.     Metal  Work,  82,  410-1  (Sept.  18, 

1914). 
Eyer,  Ph.     Use  of  sodium  silicofluoride  in  enamel  glazes  and  in  the  glass 

industry.     Glashutte,  44,  205-7(1914);  C.  A.,  8,  2468. 


16  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Eyer,  Ph.     White  clouding  materials  for  enamels.     Glashutte,  44,  247-9 

268-9;  C.  A.,  8,  2469. 
Haber,  F.     Zirconium  oxide  replaces  stannic  oxide  in  the  enamel  industry. 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  6,  326  (Apr.,  1914). 
Kraze,  F.     The  technic  of  iron  enamels  applied  dry.     Sprechsaal,  47,  535-8, 

545-6  (1914);  C.  A.,  9,  957. 
Linke,  Wilh.     The  plan  and  management  of  a  modern  enameling  factory. 

Glashutte,  44,  Nos.  14-52;  and  45,  Nos.  1-36;  C.  A.,  10,  513. 
Manufacture  of  gray  enameled  ware.    Iron  Age,  94,  10-3  (July  2,  1914). 
Musiol,  C.     Process  of  enameling  sheet  iron  and  cast  iron  articles  by  means  of 

enamels  free  from  boric  acid  and  composed  of  silicates  of  aluminium, 

soda,  and  lime,  containing  fluorine.     French  Patent  473,395,  June  12, 

1914.     /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  34,  493. 
Nagel,  Oskar.     Some  American  enameling  ovens.     Chem.-Ztg.,  38,  801-2; 

C.  A.,  8,  3105. 
Shaw,  J.  B.     Fluorides  as  opacifiers.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  16,  577-9; 

C.  A.,  8,  3713;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  1048. 
Vondracek,  R.     Covering  power  of  clouding  agents  for  enamels.     Sprechsaal, 

47,  341-2;  C.  A.,  8,  3493;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  647.     Water  and  alkali 

containing  forms  of  the  oxides  of  tin,  zirconium  and  titanium  are  used. 

The  increased  covering  properties  are  probably  due  to  the  oxides  being 

in  a  state  of  a  colloidal  gel. 
Welte,  H.     Support  for  the  galvanic  production  of  patterns  in  the  ceramic  and 

enamel  industries.     German  Patent  283,081,  Jan.  17,  1914.     C.  A.,  9, 

2444. 

1915 

Bartlett,  C.  W.  Electrically  heated  Enameling  ovens.  Gen.  Elec.  Rev.,  18, 
1130-6;  C.  A.,  io,679. 

Bole,  G.  A.,  and  Howe,  R.  M.  Role  of  chlorides  in  the  volatilization  of  ferric 
iron  (from  enamels).  Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  17,  125-9;  /.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.,  36,  879. 

Electric  enameling  ovens.     Am.  Machinist,  43,  598-600;  C.  A.,  9,  2974. 

Eyer,  Ph.  Antimonates.  Enamel  and  glazes.  English  Patent  11,083, 
July  30,  1915.  C.  A.,  u,  198;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  35,  839.  The  produc- 
tion of  antimonates  is  described. 

Kardos,  E.  Method  of  removing  enamel  and  like  coatings  from  waste  enamel 
and  like  ware.  English  Patent  100,1 18,  Mar.  2, 1915.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
35,  470. 

Kraze,  F.  Saltpeter  replacement  in  the  enamel  industry.  Keram.  Rund- 
schau, 23,  5-6;  C.  A.,  9,  3341. 

New  opacifier  for  white  iron  enamels.  Keram.  Rundschau,  23,  221-2;  C.  A., 
10,  1416.  Magnesium  oxide  and  aluminium  oxide,  or  zinc  oxide  and 
aluminium  oxide. 

Poste,  Emerson  P.  The  relative  action  of  acids  on  enamels.  Trans.  Amer. 
Ceram.  Soc.,  17,  136-^9  (1915);  18,  762-5  (1916);  C.  A.,  n,  282;  /.  Soc. 


VITREOUS  ENAMEUNG  17 

Chem.  Ind.,  36,  879.  Within  a  rather  narrow  limit  in  sizing,  reasonable 
uniformity  can  be  obtained  in  the  loss  in  weight  of  a  two-gram  sample  of 
frit  ground  to  pass  20  mesh  when  exposed  to  a  given  solution. 

Schaefer,  J.  Enamel  and  its  use  in  the  chemical  industry.  Z.  angew.  Chem., 
28,  I,  419-20;  C.  A.,  10,  260.  History  of  the  industry  and  a  general 
description  of  enamels  and  enameling  methods. 

Schroder,  E.  Muffle  kiln  for  enamels.  German  Patent  296,457,  Oct.  31, 
1915.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  596. 

Schwarzbach.  A  hint  from  enamel  technology.  Diamant,  37,  525-6;  C.  A., 
10,  960.  To  secure  uniform  and  complete  fusion  the  addition  of  borax, 
magnesium  oxide,  or  ammonium  chloride  is  recommended. 

Staley,  H.  F.  Antimony  compounds  as  opacifiers  in  enamels.  Trans.  Amer. 
Ceram.  Soc.,  17, 173-89;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36, 879. 

Tostmann,  C.  Saltpeter  replacement  in  the  enamel  industry.  Keram.  Rund- 
schau, 23,  15  (1915);  C.  A.,  9,  3341. 

Using  electric  ovens  for  enameling.     Iron  Trade  Rev.,  57,  215  (July  29,  1915). 

Vogel,  H.  The  enameling  of  cast  iron  ware.  Keram.  Rundschau,  23,  109-10; 
Z.  angew.  Chem.,  28,  Ref.  411;  C.  A.,  10,  377;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  34,  1145. 

1916 
Bickmeier,   C.     Continuous  furnace  for  burning  enamel  ware.     Canadian 

Patent  172,606,  Oct.  17,  1916. 
California  sanitary  enameled  ware  plant.     Metal  Work,  86,  273-4  (Sept.  1, 

1916). 
Black  enamels.     Schnurpfeil's  Rev.  Glass  Works,  2,  137  (1916);  C.  A.,  10, 

2133.     Five  formulas  are  given. 
Conover,  W.  R.     Electric  ovens  and  furnaces.     Am.  Machinist,  45,  316-7 

(1916);  C.  A.,  io,2543. 
Danielson,  R.  R.     The  effect  of  variation  in  the  composition  of  ground  coats 

for  sheet  iron  enamels.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc.,  18,  343-62  (1916); 

C.  A.,  n,  283;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  717. 
Heilmann,  E.     White  enamels.      Austrian  Patent  72,232,  Aug.   10,   1916. 

C.  A.,  n,  880.     Mixtures  of  zinc  and  aluminum  oxides  or  of  magnesium 

and  aluminum  oxides  are  heated  to  form  a  spinel. 
How  enameled  kitchen  ware  is  made.     Iron  Trade  Rev.,  59,  1091-7  (Nov.  30, 

1916). 
Koepp,   R.,   and   Co.     Enamels.     English   Patent   100,777,  Feb.    18,    1916. 

C.  A.,  10,  2791;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  924A.     Glass  with  low  melting 

point  is  used  to  replace  the  usual  fluxes. 
Koepp,  R.,  and  Co.     Manufacture  of  enamels.     English  Patent  101,221, 

Aug.  16,  1916.     /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  291.     Enamels  are  clouded  or 

rendered  opaque  by  the  addition  of  zirconium  borate  supersaturated  with 

zirconia. 
Koepp,  R.,  and  Co.     Enamels.     English  Patent  101,802,  Feb.  18,  1916.     C. 

A.,  n,  294;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  388.     The  use  of  natural  borates  is 

facilitated  by  the  addition  of  large  quantities  of  glass. 


18  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Koepp,  R.,  and  Co.  Production  of  enamels.  English  Patent  107,392,  Mar. 
28,  1916.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  963.  The  addition  of  cobalt,  nickel, 
manganese,  copper  or  other  oxide  to  an  enamel  greatly  increases  its  ad- 
hesion. 

Lotterhos,  G.  Enamels.  Swiss  Patent  72,174,  Apr.  17,  1916.  C.  A.t  10, 
2511.  Low  melting  glazes  containing  flux  are  used  as  a  substitute  for 
the  fluxes  containing  boron. 

Lynde,  Charles  C.  Production  of  stamped  and  enamel  ware.  Steel  and  Iron, 
50,  211-5  (1916). 

Poste,  Emerson  P.     Heat  transmission  of  enamel.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc., 

18,  570-4;  C.  A.,  n,  284;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  36,  718. 

Zinc  sulfide  as  an  opacifying  agent.  Keram.  Rundschau,  24,  5,  29  (1916); 
C.  A.,  ii,  3106.  Addition  of  not  more  than  5  per  cent  of  zinc  sulfide 
produces  opaque  enamels. 

1917 

Continuous  enameling  and  stoving  machine  for  small  parts.     Engineering, 

103,  410  (1919);  C.  A.,  n,  2146. 
Electric  enameling  ovens  at  Ford  Plant.    Eke.  Rev.  West.  Elec.  71,  407-409 

(1917);  C.  A.,  n,  3450.     Detailed  account  of  a  modern  large  scale  en- 
ameling installation. 
Kretzer,  H.     Clouded  enamels  and  glasses.     Swiss  Patent  73,471,  May  1, 

1917.     C.  A.,  n,  3406.     Silicon  compounds  of  acid  character  are  added 

to  the  enamel  mass  after  melting  and  while  grinding. 
Later,  E.  P.     Protective  coatings;  japans  and  enamels.     Foundry,  45,  139-40 

(April,  1917). 
Lotterhos,  G.     Enamel.     Danish  Patent  22,409,  Sept.  3,  1917.     C.  A.,  12, 

413.     Borax  is  replaced  by  glass  containing  easily  fusible  fluxes. 
Poste,  Emerson  P.     Enamel  surfaces  under  the  microscope.     Trans.  Amer. 

Ceram.  Soc.,  19,  146-59  (1917);   C.  A.,  12,  523;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37, 

513A. 
Schaeffer,  J.     The  use  of  zinc  sulfide  in  white  and  luminous  enamels.     Keram. 

Rundschau,  25,  75;  C.  A.,  12,  2677;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  584.     In  sheet 

steel  enamels  of  suitable  composition  zinc  sulfide  is  an  excellent  opacifier 

in  the  absence  of  metallic  oxides  which  tend  to  decompose  it.     The  opacity 

is  equal  to  that  produced  by  stannic  oxide,  but  the  enamels  are  not  so 

white  nor  brilliant. 
Scott,  W.  S.-    The  control  of  industrial  heating  units.     Elec.  J.  14,  252-254 

(1917);  C.  A.,  ii,  2618.      An  illustrated  description  of  electrical  units 

used  hi  ovens  for  japanning  and  enameling. 
Shaw,  J.  B.     American  clays  for  floating  enamels.     Trans.  Amer.  Ceram.  Soc., 

19,  339-60  (1917);  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  512. 

Verein  Chem.  Fabrik  Landau.  White  enameling.  Swedish  Patent  41,858, 
Jan.  10,  1917.  C.  A.,  n,  1735.  The  clouding  agent  is  an  anhydrous 
zirconium  compound,  poor  in  alkali,  which  is  treated  with  salts  of  metals 
whose  hydroxides  or  oxides  themselves  produce  clouding  effects. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  19 

Warge,  K.     Enameled  metal  articles.    English  Patent  116,361,  June  11, 1917. 
C.A.,  13,79. 

1918 

Cast  iron  enameled  ware.     /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  i,  74r-5  (1918);  C.  A.,     ia, 

2117.     Editorial. 
Dreissen,   Cl.  G.     Enamels  and  ceramic  pigments.     Pol.   Weekblad,   1918, 

Nos.  5,  6,  8;  Chem.  Weekblad,  16,  865-6;  C.  A.,  13,  2115.     Review. 
Frost,  Leon  J.     The  action  of  acetic  acid  solutions  of  different  strengths  on 

a  sheet  steel  enamel.     /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  I,  422-8  (1918);  C.  A.t  13, 

175;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  2nd.,  38, 107A.     Twenty  to  25  per  cent  acid  is  the  most 

corrosive. 
Kreutzberg,  E.  C.      How  high  grade  enameling  is  done.      Iron  Trade  Rev., 

63,  129O-1  (Dec.  5,  1918). 
Poste,  Emerson  P.     The   manufacture  of  enameled  lined  apparatus.     Chem. 

Met.  Eng.,  19,  400  (Sept.  25,  1918);  C.  A.,  12,  2676.     Descriptive  article 

of  the  general  manufacturing  operations. 
Poste,   Emerson    P,  and  Rice,   B.  A.     The  effect  of  the  degree  of  smelting 

on  the  properties  of  a  frit.     J.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  i,  221-37  (1918);  /. 

Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  ISA. 
Shaw,  J.   B.     Antimony  oxide  as  an  opacifier  in  cast-iron  enamel.     J.  Am. 

Ceram.  Soc.,  i,  502-13  (1918);  C.  A.,  13,  253;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38, 107A. 
Staley,  Homer  F.      The  control  of  luster  in  enamels.     /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc., 

i,  640-7  (1918);  C.  A.,  13,  775;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  140A. 
Staley,  Homer  F.      Enamels  for  cast  iron.      /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  i,  703-9 

(1918);  C.  A.,  13,  1000;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  176A. 
Staley,  Homer  F.      Ground  coat  enamels  for  cast  iron.      /.  Am.  Ceram. 

Soc.,  i,  99-112  (1918);  C.  A.,  12,  2117;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  15A. 
Staley,  Homer  F.      Preparation    and  application  of  enamels  for  cast  iron 

J.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  i,  534-55  (1918);  C.  A.,  13,  253. 

1919 

Collins,  W.  D.      Acid  test  on  enamel  ware.      /.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  11,  757- 
9  (1919);  /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  843;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  903A. 

Danielson,  R.  R.  Cleaning  of  sheet  steel  and  iron  for  enameling  purposes. 
/.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  883-94  (1919);  C.  A.,  14,  1201. 

Dupont,  P.  Enameling  metal  articles  and  furnace  therefore.  English  Pat- 
ent 114,618.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  700A.  • 

Poste,  E.  P.  The  manufacture  of  enameled  lined  apparatus.  /.  Am. 
Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  944-76  (1919);  C.  A.,  14,  1744. 

Poste,  E.  P.  Relative  action  of  acids  on  enamels.  II.  /.  Am.  Ceram. 
Soc.,  2,  32-43  (1919);  C.  A.,  13,  1136;  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  287A. 
Twenty  per  cent  acid  has  the  maximum  effect.  Citric  and  tartaric 
acids  are  more  active  than  acetic  acid. 

Schorry,  V.  S.  Magnesia  as  an  opacifier  (of  enamels).  J.  Am.  Ceram. 
Soc.,  2,  447-80  (1919);  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  635A. 


20  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

Springer,  L.     What  precautions  should  be  taken  in  replacing  soda  or  potash 

(in  glasses  and  enamels).     Sprechsaal  52,  362-3  (1919);  C.  A.t  14,  809; 

J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  902A. 
Treischel,  Chester.   The  cause  and  control  of  blistering  in  sheet-steel  enamels. 

/.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  774-81  (1919);  C.  A.,  14,  107.     Experiments  show 

that  hydrogen  has  much  to  do  with  this. 
Vielhaber,  L.     Fuel  consumption  of  muffle  kilns  in  the  enameling  industry. 

Keram.  Rundschau,  27,  293-4  (1919);  C.  A.,  14,  811;  /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc., 

3,  83-5  (1920) ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  38,  862A. 

1920 

Landrum,  Robert  D.,  and  Frost,  Leon  J.  Titanium  enamels.  /.  Am. 
Ceram.  Soc.,  3,  316-21  (1920);  C.  A.,  14,  2688.  The  good  qualities 
resulting  from  the  use  of  titanium  seem  to  more  than  offset  the  bad 
ones  and  it  seems  possible  to  overcome  some  of  the  difficulties  and  de- 
velop enamels  of  very  substantial  practical  value. 

Lindemann,  W.  C.  The  electric  cleaning  of  metals  for  enameling  purposes. 
J.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  3,  252-5  (1920).  The  electric  cleaning  process  is 
superior  to  the  older  scaling  or  burning  off  method. 

Metallic  coating  for  the  rust  proofing  of  iron  and  steel.  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards, Circ.  No.  80;  /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  844. 

Shaw,  J.  B.  Fish  scaling.  J.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  3,  489-97  (1920);  C.  A., 
14,  2689.  Chemical  composition  has  very  little  bearing  on  the  subject 
of  fish  scaling.  It  is  probably  due  to  a  number  of  contributory  causes, 
which  are  discussed. 


UNITED    STATES   PATENTS   RELATING   TO    ENAMELS 

WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  ENAMELS  FOR 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

The  following  pages  contain  a  list  of  the  United  States  patents 
relative  to  enamels,  with  special  reference  to  those  for  iron  and 
steel  for  the  period  1900-1920.  These  are  arranged  chronologi- 
cally. Wherever  possible  reference  is  given  to  Chemical  Ab- 
stracts, where  a  more  complete  abstract  of  the  patent  may  usually 
be  found.  Reference  is  also  made  (the  figures  in  parentheses), 
to  the  Official  Gazette  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office,  where  the  more 
important,  if  not  all,  the  claims  of  the  patents  are  printed.  Printed 
copies  of  patents  are  furnished  at  10  cents  each  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents,  Washington,  D.  C. 

640,844.  Charles  H.  Watermann.  Process  of  enameling.  Jan.  9,  1900. 
(90,  279). 

645,393.  Edward  C.  Hoelscher  and  John  Clifford.  Enameling  table  or 
machine.  Mar.  13,  1900.  (90,  2076). 

645,517.  Christian  A.  Sievert.  Enameling  table.  Mar.  13,  1900.  (90, 
2121). 

658,833.  Edward  Dithridge.  Enameling  table  for  bath  tubs.  Oct.  2, 
1900.  (93, 45). 

663,601.  William  C.  Degelman.  Apparatus  for  enameling  bath  tubs. 
Dec.  n,  1900.  (93,  1911)- 

663,618.  Wilbur  Topping.  Composition  for  enameling  metal  ware. 
Dec.  n,  1900.  (93,  1996). 

The  formula  used  was:  61  parts  borax,  71  parts  feldspar,  44  parts  quartz, 
15  parts  fluorspar,  14  parts  soda,  n  parts  saltpeter  and  water. 

664,321.  Josiah  Hughes  and  James  F.  McGowan.  Ornamental  enamel 
ware.  Dec.  18,  1900.  (93,  2285). 

Variegated  enamel  ware,  the  surface  of  which  comprises  a  body  having 
incorporated  and  fused  therein  an  enameling  material  of  different  color. 

669,567.  Charles  H.  Watermann.  Apparatus  for  enameling  surfaces  of 
refractory  material.  Mar.  12,  1901.  (94,  1999). 

674,506.  Joseph  H.  Hines.  Process  of  enameling  metal  surfaces.  May 
21,  1901.  (95,  1509). 


22  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

679,300.     William  A.  Dunpal.     Enameling  metal.     July  30,   1901.     (96, 

854). 

A  thin  finish  coat  is  applied  to  a  burned  ground  coat  and  while  this  is  still 
wet,  a  second  thin  coat  of  a  contrasting  color  is  applied. 

684,979.  Edward  Dithridge.  Manufacture  of  enamels  (apparatus). 
Oct.  22,  1901.  (97,  638). 

691,268.  William  Jankowsky.  Enameling  metal  ware.  Jan.  14,  1902. 
(98,  365). 

Iron  or  steel  is  coated  with  a  suitable  primary  coating  (alkali  carbonate) 
and  an  enamel  coat  containing  a  suitable  percentage  of  primary  or  acid  salt 
capable  of  decomposing  the  film. 

700,021.  Edward  Dithridge.  Enameling  fork  for  bath  tubs.  May  13, 
1902.  (99,  1542). 

707,490.  Carl  H.  Zwerman.  Enamel  sifting  apparatus.  Aug.  19,  1902. 
(100,  1732). 

708,363.  George  W.  Ketcham.  Art  of  enameling  metal  ware.  Sept.  2, 
1902.  (100,  2115). 

The  cleaned  article  is  coated  with  a  thin  layer  of  cohesive  and  non-corrosive 
metal  and  an  enamel  then  applied  which,  upon  heating,  will  coact  with  and 
only  partially  oxidize  and  permeate  the  coating  metal. 

709,530.  Daniel  Wieser.  Manufacturer  of  enameled  metal  plates.  Sept. 
23,  1902.  (100,  2460). 

The  plates  are  coated  with  a  mixture  of  zinc  white  and  oil  varnish,  dried, 
then  coated  with  a  greasy  lacquer  color,  dried  and  rubbed. 

710,443.  Paul  Dupont.  Machine  for  mechanically  enameling  baths  or 
other  metal  objects.  Oct.  7,  1902.  (101,  19). 

716,106.  Rudolf  Rickmann.  Manufacture  of  white  or  light-colored 
enamels.  Dec.  16,  1902.  (101,  2460). 

Sodium  antimoniate  is  fused  with  the  enamel. 

721,155.     Hubert  Claus.     Enamel  machine.     Feb.  24,  1905.     (102,1565). 

733>83 1.  Samuel  H.  Frisk.  Work  holder  for  enameling.  July  14,  1903. 
(105,  446). 

758,325.  Thomas  M.  Sunan.  Manufacture  of  enameled  ware.  Apr.  26, 
1904.  (109,  2307). 

The  cleaned  article  is  coated  with  an  enamel  carrying  metallic  bodies,  a 
non-metallic  hydroxide  added  and  heated  to  flux  and  set  the  enamel. 

759»35i'  Edward  L.  Dawes.  Enameling  device.  May  10,  1904.  (no, 
38o). 

762,547.  Henry  C.  Milligan.  Process  of  enameling  steel  ware.  June  14, 
1904.  (no,  1860). 

Steel  is  pickled,  washed,  dried,  immersed  in  an  acid  solution  and  coated 
while  wet  with  alkaline  liquid  enamel,  dried  and  fused. 

77i»507.  Thomas  L.  Strong.  Apparatus  for  drying  enameled  ware.  Oct. 
4,  1904.  (112,  1080). 

774,478.     John  S.  Jobe.     Enameling  kiln.     Nov.  8,  1904.     (113,  420). 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  23 

774,491.     Charles  F.  Pfalzgraf.     Enameling  metal.     Nov.  8,  1904.     (113, 

425). 

779»655 .  Julius  F.  Kenkel.  Manufacture  of  enamel  ware.  Jan.  10,  1905. 
(114,388). 

The  plate  is  coated  with  a  preparation  of  enamel,  burned,  the  plate  then 
slushed  in  an  enamel  preparation  and  the  enamel  evenly  distributed  by  a  blast 
of  air. 

793.659.     Otto  L.   Heintz.     Enameled  ornament.     July  4,    1905.     (117, 

14). 

804,010.     Julius  F.  Kenkel.     Enameling.     Nov.  7,  1905.     (119,  203). 

An  iron  or  steel  article  which  has  a  fundamental  coat  composed  of  clay 
and  an  oxidizing  agent  and  a  separately  applied  glaze  coat  covering  the  funda- 
mental coat  and  forming  therewith  a  mottled  finish. 

806,153.  Walter  J.  Kohler.  Process  of  making  speckled  enameled  ware 
and  the  product  thereof.  Dec.  5,  1905.  (119,  1293). 

The  process  consists  of  mixing  a  comparatively  small  amount  of  com- 
minuted carborundum  with  dry  pulverized  enameling  material  of  one  color 
(different  from  the  carborundum),  putting  the  mixture  on  the  article  to  be 
coated  with  enamel,  and  then  subjecting  the  article  to  such  heat  as  fuses  the 
enameling  material  but  less  than  sufficient  to  fuse  the  carborundum. 

808,542.  Joseph  H.  Hines.  Process  of  enameling.  Dec.  26,  1905. 
J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.  25,  1220  (119,  2458). 

After  cleaning  the  metal  is  coated  with  an  alkaline  material,  the  enamel 
is  then  applied,  a  coloring  coat  applied  and  burned,  and  a  second  coat  of 
enamel  applied  and  burned. 

808,744.     Otto   L.   Heintz.     Enameled   ornament.     Jan.    2,    1906.     (120, 

57). 

826,628.  Samuel  H.  Thurston.  Process  of  enameling  metal  and  the 
resulting  product.  July  24,  1906.  (123,  1061). 

The  process  consists  in  first  forcibly  beating  one  metal  into  and  upon  the 
ether  systematically  and  continuously  until  the  particles  or  molecules  of  the 
coating  metal  are  driven  into  the  metal  being  coated  and  incorporated  with 
the  particles  at  and  beneath  the  surface  of  the  same. 

843,985.  Wm.  Atkinson  and  Joseph  Smith.  Enameling  metals.  Feb. 
12,  1907.  C.  A.,  i,  919.  (126,  2390). 

Also  English  patent  12,554.     May  30,  1906.     C.  A.,  I,  938. 

A  flux  of  white  opal  cullett  130,  sodium  bicarbonate  20,  and  boric  acid  12 
parts  is  ground  in  water  to  a  fine  powder,  applied  to  the  article  and  burned. 

862,285.  Charles  R.  Schmidt.  Method  of  enameling.  Aug.  6,  1907. 
/.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.  26,  1009,  (129,  2175). 

The  article  to  be  enameled  is  heated  in  a  rotating  enameling  chamber  or 
furnace  containing  dry  enamel  material. 

866,821.  Arthur  R.  Speer.  Method  of  enameling  the  interior  of  sheet 
metal  vessels.  Sept.  24,  1907.  (130,  1092). 

868,078.  William  A.  Dunlap.  Enameled  ware.  Oct.  15,  1907.  (130, 
1772). 


24  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

869,155.  Grace  M.  Banning.  Metal  enameling.  Oct.  22,  1907.  (130, 
2321). 

906,628.  Everett  D.  Holley.  Enamel  ware.  Dec.  15,  1908.  (137, 
1528). 

932,839.  Rudolph  Weimer.  Substitute  for  tin  oxide  for  enameling  metal 
ware.  Aug.  31,  1909.  C.  A.,  3,  2554.  (145,  1165). 

The  boiled,  roasted  and  ground  product  of  Sb  oxide  70,  NaOH  28,  NaNOt 
22,  kaolin  10  and  barytes  10. 

971,641.  George  L.  Rice  and  Benjamin  W.  Gilchrist.  Enameling  metallic 
articles.  Oct.  4,  1909.  C.  A.,  5,  31.  (159,  49). 

A  coating  containing  a  magnetic  material  and  sulfur  is  deposited  upon  the 
article  electrolytically  and  the  enamel  is  applied  to  this. 

994,162.  Edgar  L.  Hull.  Producing  flat  watch  dials,  enameled  on  one 
side.  June  6,  1910.  C.  A.,  5,  2540.  (167,  22). 

Both  sides  are  enameled  and  the  enamel  then  removed  from  one  side  by 
the  action  of  HF. 

995.724.  C.  Rosenzweig.  White  enamel  for  glazed  goods.  June  20, 
1910.  C.  A.,  5,  2711.  (167,  625). 

A  glazing  mass  and  a  silicate  of  Zr,  Th,  Gl,  La,  or  Yt. 

996,226.  Charles  W.  Ebeling.  Enameling  table.  June  27,  1911.  (167, 
832). 

1,001,511.  J.  H.  Danver.  Making  mottled  or  colored  i  namels.  Aug. 
22,1911.  C.  A.,  5,  3898.  (169,890). 

1,017,360.  D.  A.  York  and  J.  A.  Tinker.  Enameling  steel,  etc.  Feb. 
13,  1912.  C.  A.,  6,  920.  (175,  424). 

1,024,405.  K.  Kreidl.  Making  a  filler  for  white  enamel.  Apr.  23, 
1912.  C.  A.,  6,  1666.  (177,  987). 

Zirconium  silicate  and  sodium  hydroxide. 

1,033,821.  George  R.  Meyercord.  Process  of  decorating  enameled  metal. 
July  30,  1912.  (180,1162). 

1,055,678.  G.  Spitz.  Removing  the  enamel  from  scrap  enameled  metal. 
Mar.  u,  1913.  C.  A.,  7,  1593.  (188,  379). 

1,065,401.  G.  Spitz.  Removing  the  enamel  from  enameled  goods.  June 
24,  1913.  C.  A.,  7,  2845.  (191,  862). 

1,072,047.  Walter  L.  Shepard.  Process  of  making  enameled  articles. 
(194, 129). 

1,091,492.  H.  G.  Essayan.  Enamel  for  metals.  Mar.  31,  1914.  C.  A., 
8,  1861.  (200,  1130). 

Heating  a  mixture  of  2  per  cent  silver,  8  per  cent  copper  and  8  per  cent 
lead,  melted  together  with  82  per  cent  sulfur  and  powdering  the  product. 

1,101,455;  I.  Kreidl.  Composition  for  rendering  white  enamels  opaque. 
June  23,  1914.  C.  A.,  8,  2932.  (203,  1194). 

Hydrated  alkali  zirconate,  stannate,  or  titanate,  combined  with  silica. 

1,104,107.  T.  R.  Davidson.  Pickling  metal  to  prepare  it  for  enameling. 
July  i,  1914.  C.  A.  8,  3102.  (204,  742).  Also  German  patent  277,834 
July  22,  1913. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  25 

Immersed  in  cone,  sulfuric  acid  at  90-150  degrees,  then  washed  with  water 
at  65  and  then  at  100  degrees. 

1,104,266.  M.  Mayer  and  B.  Havas.  White  opaque  enamel.  July  21, 
1914.  C.  A.,  8,  3106.  (204,  896). 

Contains  spinel  and  preferably  small  amounts  of  zirconium,  titanium 
stannic  or  silicon  oxide  as  opaquing  material. 

1,104,679.  I.  Kreidl.  Opaque  enamel.  July  21,  1914.  C.  A.,  8,  3106. 
(204,  940). 

Contains  colloidal  zirconium  oxide. 

Reissue  13,791.  I.  Kreidl.  Making  an  opaque  material  for  white  enamels. 
Aug.  25,  1914.  C.  A.,  8,  3494.  (205,  1291). 

Natural  zirconium  silicate  is  heated  with  4  times  its  weight  of  sodium 
hydroxide  to  500-600  degrees,  washed,  dried,  and  heated  to  a  glowing  tem- 
perature. 

1,117,197.  I.  Kreidl.  White  enamel.  Nov.  17,  1914.  C.  A.,  9,  136. 
(208,  682). 

The  opaquing  material  is  formed  of  zirconium  oxide  combined  with  silica 
and  about  3-4  per  cent  of  alkali  metal. 

1,118,898.  P.  Eyer.  Enamel  glazing.  Nov.  24,  1914.  C.  A.,  9,  136 
(208,  1314). 

1,119,905.  C.  A.  W.  Vollrath.  Enamel  for  coating  machine.  Dec.  8, 
1914.  C.  A.,  9,  239.  (209,  381). 

Finely  comminuted  colored  glass  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  enamel  to 
form  a  speckled  coating. 

1,123,760.  I.  Kreidl.  Making  a  material  for  opaquing  white  enamel. 
Jan.  5,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  701.  (210,  193). 

1,124,380.  O.  Zahn.  Muffle  furnace  for  enameling.  Jan.  12,  1915. 
C.  A.,  9,  701.  (210,  454). 

1,126,621.  A.  de  Back.  Recovering  iron  and  steel  from  waste  enameled 
articles.  Jan.  26,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  592.  (210,  1327). 

1,128,691.  I.  Kreidl.  Opaquing  materials  for  enamels,  glass,  etc.  Feb. 
16,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  1103.  (211,  797). 

Hydrates  zinc  oxide  containing  2-7  per  cent  combined  alkali  and  a  few 
per  cent  of  water,  varying  inversely  as  the  amount  of  alkali. 

1,129,300.  I.  Kreidl.  White  enamel.  Feb.  23,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  1103. 
(211,  1047). 

The  opaquing  agent  consists  of  zirconium  oxide  combined  with  a  smaH 
amount  of  alkali. 

1,140,105.  Charles  Bickmeier  and  Daniel  A.  Listen.  Continuous-burning 
furnace  for  burning  enamel  ware.  May  18,  1915.  /.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.  34, 
717.  (214, 914). 

1,150,467.  J.  Weber.  .Opaquing  composition  for  use  in  vitreous  enamels. 
Aug.  17,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  2701.  (217,  871). 

Hydrates  stannic  oxide  containing  about  10  per  cent  water  and  3-5  per 
cent  of  alkali. 


26  VITREOUS  ENAMELING 

1*150.772.  I.  Kreidl.  Opaquing  material  for  white  enamels.  Aug.  17, 
1915.  C.A.,  9, 2701.  (217,976). 

Alkaline  compound  of  zirconium  formed  by  treating  with  acid  and  washing 
to  remove  part  of  the  combined  alkali. 

i»i53»748.  C.  Baezner.  Opaque  enamel  or  glazing  composition  for  use 
on  sheet  iron,  etc.  Sept.  14,  1915.  C.  A.,  9,  3343.  (218,  528). 

1,178,469.  H.  G.  Higley.  Enameling  iron.  Apr.  4,  1916.  C.  A.,  10, 
1587.  (225, 320). 

The  iron  is  immersed  in  a  bath  prepared  from  dilute  sulfuric  acid,  ferric 
oxide  and  an  enamel  composition. 

1,181,944.  J.  Weber.  Coloring  enamels.  May  2,  1916.  C.  A.t  10, 
1701.  (226, 286). 

Neutralized  anhydrous  calcium  stannate  is  used  as  an  opaque  coloring. 

1.196,342.  Alfred  de  Back.  Method  of  recovering  iron,  steel,  and  the 
like  from  waste  enameled  articles.  Aug.  29,  1916.  (229,  1393). 

1,196,243.  Alfred  de  Back.  Apparatus  for  disintegrating  metal  articles. 
Aug.  29,  1916.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind,  35,  1012.  (229,  1393). 

1,197,618.  Arthur  W.  Forbes.  Enameling  apparatus.  Sept.  12,  1916. 
(230,  352). 

1,203,409.  R.  Rickmann.  White  opaque  enamels.  Oct.  31,  1916.  C. 
A.,  11,93.  (231,  1446). 

Small  proportion  of  potassium  antimoniate  is  added. 

1,205,845.  H.  A.  Biggar.  Enameling  composition  for  use  on  metals. 
Nov.  21,  1916.  C.  A.  n,  198.  (232,  869). 

A  mixture  of  various  asphalts,  rosin,  Portland  cement,  etc.,  is  used. 

1,220,253.  M.  Meyer  and  B.  Havas.  Opaque  white  enamels.  Mar.  27, 
1917.  C.  A.,  n,  1735.  (236,  937). 

A  mixture  of  titanium  oxide  and  zirconium  oxide  is  used  for  opaquing 
white  enamels. 

1.230,958.  K.  Warga.  Coating  aluminium  with  vitreous  enamel.  June 
26,  1917-  C.  A.,  n,  2323.  (239,  989). 

1,239,112.  H.  Kretzer  and  A.  Cappel.  Opaque  enamels.  Sept.  4,  1917. 
C.  A.,  n,  3407.  (242,  126). 

The  opacifying  agent,  e.  g.,  a  compound  of  Zr,  Ti,  Si,  Al,  Zn,  or  alkaline 
earth  metal,  is  added  to  the  other  ingredients  of  the  enamel  after  they  have 
been  at  least  partially  ground  in  a  wet  mill,  together  with  substances  which 
precipitate  colloids,  such  as  ammonium  chloride,  magnesium  sulfate,  or 
chloride,  or  sodium  sulfate. 

1,249,937.  P.  Eyer.  Ground  enamel.  Dec.  n,  1917.  C.  A.t  12,  414. 
(245,  469). 

Ore  containing  cobaltic  oxide,  freed  from  sulfur  and  arsenic,  is  used  to 
color  the  enamel. 

1,256,455,  1,256,456.  P.  Eyer.  Enamel  for  iron.  Feb.  12,  1918.  C. 
A.,  12,  986.  (247,  433). 

White  enamel  for  glass  consisting  of  ruby  glass,  clay,  cryolite  and  sodium 
carbonate. 


VITREOUS  ENAMELING  27 

1,268,778.  John  F.  Dodge  and  Harry  C.  Allen.  Enameling  apparatus. 
June  4,  1918.  (251,  200). 

1,272,917.  R.  D.  Cooke.  Removing  enamel  from  metal  surfaces.  July 
16,  1918.  C.  A.,  12,  1917.  (252,  670). 

Treated  first  with  HC1  (10  per  cent)  at  70  degrees  and  then  with  25  per  cent 
NaOH  at  70  degrees. 

1.273,632.  William  Lindsay.  Enameling  powder  distributer.  July  23, 
1918.  (252,  887). 

1,281,762.  Frank  J.  Carpenter.  Enameling  apparatus.  Oct.  15,  1918. 
(255,  508). 

A  plurality  of  contracting  members  for  engaging  the  rims  of  articles  to  be 
enameled  attached  to  a  rotating  shaft. 

1,285,862.    Stefan  Wiester.     Enamel  oven.     Nov.  26,  1918.     (259  729). 

1,290,060.     Albert  J.  Boland.     Enameling  furnace.    Jan.  7,  1919.,     (258, 

ii). 

1,290,580.  W.  J.  Kohler.  Marking  enameled  ware.  Jan.  7,  1919.  C. 
A.,  13,  780.  (258,  136). 

1,311,487.  G.  H.  Benjamin.  Enameling  kiln.  July  29,  1919.  /.  Am. 
Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  852.  (264,  772). 

1,313,834.  I.  Rennerfelt.  Electric  furnace.  Aug.  19,  1919.  C.  A.,  13 
2642.  (265, 424). 

The  furnace  is  adapted  to  melting  enamels  in  crucibles. 

1,314,831.  F.  Preusser.  Opaque  enamels.  Sept.  2,  1919.  C.  A.,  13, 
2478;  J.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  927.  (266,  71). 

Relatively  low  content  of  the  usual  opacifying  agents,  such  as  tin  or  zinc 
oxide  is  used  by  suitable  mixing  with  other  auxiliary  ingredients. 

1,314,861.  P.  Eyer.  Clouding  composition  for  enamels.  Sept.  2,  1919. 
C.  A.,  13,  2748;  /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  2,  927.  (266,  71). 

Zirconium  borate  supersaturated  with  zinc  oxide  is  used  as  a  clouding 
material  in  enamels. 

1,316,018.  R.  D.  Cooke.  Enameling  sheet  metal  ware.  Sept.  16,  1919. 
C.  A.,  13,  2986.  (266,  306). 

Sheet  steel  is  coated  with  oil  and  subjected  to  a  drawing  operation,  the 
ware  then  is  heated  to  remove  the  oil  which  produces  a  thin  oxide  coating  on 
the  metal,  the  enamel  is  then  applied  and  baked. 

1,332,058.  C.  Musiol.  Enamel  for  metals.  Feb.  24,  1920.  C.  A.,  14, 
1204;  /.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc.,  3,  513.  (271,  629). 

Triple  silicate  of  Al,  Na,  and  Ca  mixed  with  fluorides  and  coloring  sub- 
stances. 

1,335,279.  Paul  Dupont.  Enameling  and  annealing  furnace.  Mar.  30, 
1920.  (272, 804). 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


OCT    161947 

OCTI?  mi 


^-100m-12,'46(A2012sl6)4120 


646228 


-f 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


